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Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
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Neuroprogression and Cognitive Functioning in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Taiane Cardoso1, Isabelle E Bauer, Thomas D Meyer

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.

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Cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder (BD) worsen with illness progression, linked to more episodes and hospitalizations. Aging does not significantly impact cognitive decline in BD patients compared to healthy individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by cognitive deficits in attention, learning, and flexibility.
  • These cognitive impairments are exacerbated during acute phases and worsen over the illness course.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on mechanisms of cognitive decline in bipolar disorder.
  • To examine the association between illness progression and cognitive function in BD.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of Scopus, Pubmed, and Ovid Medline up to January 2015.
  • Included human studies with cross-sectional and longitudinal cognitive data in adults with BD and healthy controls.
  • Search terms included "bipolar," "cognitive," "aging," "illness duration," "onset," and "progression."

Main Results:

  • Thirty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria.
  • Cognitive function in BD negatively correlates with illness progression markers like mood episodes, illness duration, and hospitalizations.
  • Aging did not show a greater impact on cognitive function in BD compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive decline in BD is associated with illness progression, specifically the number of episodes and hospitalizations.
  • No significant interaction was found between aging and cognitive decline in bipolar disorder.
  • Further large-scale longitudinal studies are needed to identify vulnerable subgroups and develop preventive interventions.