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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Genetic Screens02:46

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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
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Synthetic Biology02:55

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Mouse Genome Engineering Using Designer Nucleases
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Mouse Genome Engineering Using Designer Nucleases

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Genomes by design.

Adrian D Haimovich1, Paul Muir2, Farren J Isaacs1

  • 11] Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. [2] Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|August 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome engineering uses advanced DNA sequencing to understand genetic variation and create new organism functionalities. This review covers techniques and applications for targeted genome modifications and organism reprogramming.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides complete genomes, advancing understanding of genetic variation and phenotypic diversity.
  • Gene, network, and whole-genome engineering aim to introduce targeted genetic changes.
  • Exploring emergent phenotypes and introducing novel functionalities are key goals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current techniques and applications in genome engineering.
  • To outline key advances in the field.
  • To define existing challenges in genome engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of techniques for targeted genome modifications.
  • Analysis of applications in gene, network, and whole-genome engineering.
  • Review of massively parallel platforms for genome engineering.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of elucidating causal links between genotype and phenotype.
  • Highlighting the ability to design and reprogram organisms.
  • Identification of key advances in genome engineering.

Conclusions:

  • Genome engineering, powered by NGS, enables precise genetic modification.
  • Massively parallel platforms facilitate targeted genome alterations.
  • Future directions involve overcoming challenges to further advance organism design and reprogramming.