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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Echinococcus canadensis transmission in the North.

Antti Oksanen1, Antti Lavikainen2

  • 1Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland.

Veterinary Parasitology
|August 13, 2015
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Summary

The Echinococcus granulosus complex (EG) causes cystic echinococcosis (CE). Echinococcus canadensis (genotypes G8, G10) circumpolar distribution is shifting back to wolf-cervid cycles in Fennoscandia due to reduced dog involvement.

Keywords:
Chest radiographyCystic echinococcosisElk/mooseReindeerReindeer herding dogWolf

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Parasitology
  • Zoonotic Diseases
  • Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

  • The Echinococcus granulosus complex (EG) causes cystic echinococcosis (CE).
  • Northern cervid Echinococcus was historically considered the ancestor of EG.
  • Three transmission cycles existed in the circumpolar North: wolf-cervid, dog-cervid, and synanthropic dog-reindeer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the transmission dynamics and genotypes of Echinococcus canadensis in the circumpolar North.
  • To understand the impact of changing reindeer husbandry on CE epidemiology in Fennoscandia.
  • To highlight the evolving role of wildlife and domestic animals in CE transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Echinococcus granulosus complex (EG) epidemiology.
  • Analysis of molecular data identifying Echinococcus canadensis genotypes (G6, G7, G8, G9, G10).
  • Examination of historical and current transmission cycles in the circumpolar North.

Main Results:

  • Echinococcus canadensis (genotypes G8 and G10) is prevalent in cervids and causes CE in the North.
  • The synanthropic cycle in Fennoscandia has been eliminated due to changes in reindeer husbandry.
  • E. canadensis in Fennoscandia is increasingly reliant on the wolf-cervid cycle.
  • G10 genotype is currently more prevalent than G8 in both Palearctic and Nearctic regions.

Conclusions:

  • The epidemiology of Echinococcus canadensis in Fennoscandia is reverting to a sylvatic cycle involving wolves and cervids.
  • Changes in domestic dog populations and reindeer husbandry significantly impact CE transmission.
  • Continued surveillance is necessary, especially with the discontinuation of mass radiography for human CE diagnosis.