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Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Tumor Hypoxia Assessment: In Vivo 3D Oxygen Imaging Through Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

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Hyperpolarized (6)Li as a probe for hemoglobin oxygenation level.

Riccardo Balzan¹, Mor Mishkovsky^2,3, Yana Simonenko⁴

¹Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

|August 13, 2015

Summary

Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhances lithium-6 NMR signals. This technique detects blood oxygenation by observing changes in lithium-6 relaxation due to deoxyhemoglobin.

Keywords:

MRI blood deoxyhemoglobin dynamic nuclear polarization hyperpolarization lithium magnetic resonance molecular imaging

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Area of Science:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Biophysical Chemistry
Medical Diagnostics

Background:

Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) significantly boosts NMR signal intensity for low-sensitivity nuclear spins like lithium-6.
Lithium-6 longitudinal relaxation in aqueous solutions is highly sensitive to even trace amounts of paramagnetic species.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the detection of blood oxygenation using dissolution DNP-enhanced lithium-6 NMR.
To leverage the sensitivity of lithium-6 relaxation to paramagnetic effects for a novel diagnostic approach.

Main Methods:

Utilizing dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) to enhance the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal of lithium-6.
Measuring the longitudinal relaxation of lithium-6 in aqueous solutions under varying conditions.

Main Results:

Achieved dramatic enhancement of the lithium-6 NMR signal via dissolution DNP.
Observed a significant decrease (over 10%) in lithium-6 longitudinal relaxation.
Correlated this relaxation change with the presence of paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin, indicating blood oxygenation.

Conclusions:

Dissolution DNP-enhanced lithium-6 NMR is a viable method for detecting blood oxygenation.
The sensitivity of lithium-6 relaxation to paramagnetic species like deoxyhemoglobin provides a basis for non-invasive blood oxygenation monitoring.