Risk factors for celiac disease.

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Gastroenterology
• Genetics

Background:

• Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals.
• It arises from interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
• While HLA class II DQ genes are strongly associated, numerous non-HLA loci also contribute to CD risk.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current knowledge on genetic and environmental risk factors for celiac disease development.
• To provide an overview of potential prevention strategies for at-risk populations.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of genetic and environmental factors implicated in celiac disease.
• Analysis of infant feeding practices, gluten introduction timing, infectious agents, and microbiota composition.
• Discussion of current understanding and future prevention approaches.

Main Results:

• Strong genetic associations exist, particularly within the HLA class II DQ region, alongside at least 39 non-HLA loci.
• Environmental triggers include gluten, infant feeding practices, and potentially infections and gut microbiota.
• These factors interact to influence CD development in susceptible individuals.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the interplay of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers is crucial for celiac disease pathogenesis.
• Potential prevention strategies may target modifiable environmental factors in at-risk populations.
• Further research into infant feeding, microbiota, and early life exposures could inform preventative measures.