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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

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The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
09:32

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

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Bone strength in children: understanding basic bone biomechanics.

Lydia Forestier-Zhang1, Nick Bishop2

  • 1Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK Academic Unit of Child Health, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.

Archives of Disease in Childhood. Education and Practice Edition
|August 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone strength, crucial for fracture resistance in children, involves complex biomechanical properties. Understanding these intrinsic and extrinsic factors aids in evaluating injury mechanisms and underlying bone integrity.

Keywords:
Basic ScienceBone DiseaseBone MetabolismMusculo-SkeletalPaediatric Practice

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Biomedical Engineering
  • Skeletal Biology and Biomechanics

Background:

  • Bone strength is a critical factor in determining fracture risk in children.
  • Bone integrity is a complex interplay of multiple structural and biomechanical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define bone strength and its key biomechanical properties.
  • To elucidate the significance of intrinsic and extrinsic biomechanical properties in fracture resistance.
  • To highlight the clinical utility of understanding bone biomechanics in pediatric fracture evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of biomechanical principles related to bone.
  • Definition of intrinsic (tissue-level) and extrinsic (structural-level) biomechanical properties.
  • Conceptual framework for evaluating bone strength in clinical contexts.

Main Results:

  • Bone strength is determined by intrinsic properties (stiffness, toughness, ductility, mechanical strength) and extrinsic properties (structural behavior).
  • A delicate balance between opposing biomechanical properties is essential for effective fracture resistance.
  • Understanding these properties aids in identifying the injury mechanism and assessing reduced fracture resistance in pediatric fractures.

Conclusions:

  • Bone strength is a multifaceted concept encompassing various biomechanical properties at different structural levels.
  • The interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic biomechanical properties is fundamental to bone's resistance to fracture.
  • Knowledge of bone biomechanics is vital for clinicians assessing pediatric fractures and potential underlying skeletal issues.