Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
Published on: July 23, 2020
The Neurobiology of Anesthetic Emergence
Vijay Tarnal1, Phillip E Vlisides, George A Mashour
1Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Neuroanesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
Abstract:
Achieving a smooth and rapid emergence from general anesthesia is of particular importance for neurosurgical patients and is a clinical goal for neuroanesthesiologists. Recent data suggest that the process of emergence is not simply the mirror image of induction, but rather controlled by distinct neural circuits. In this narrative review, we discuss (1) hysteresis, (2) the concept of neural inertia, (3) the asymmetry between the neurobiology of induction and emergence, and (4) recent attempts at actively inducing emergence.
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