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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes
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Convergence and Accommodation Development Is Preprogrammed in Premature Infants.

Anna M Horwood1, Sonia S Toor2, Patricia M Riddell2

  • 1Infant Vision Laboratory School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom 2Orthoptic Department, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
|August 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Visual development in preterm infants appears preprogrammed, not experience-driven. Few differences in vergence and accommodation were found when matched by corrected age, suggesting maturation is innate.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Pediatric Vision

Background:

  • Visual development in infants is crucial for long-term ocular health.
  • Preterm infants may experience altered visual input compared to full-term infants.
  • Understanding the drivers of vergence and accommodation development is key to identifying potential deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether vergence and accommodation development in preterm infants is preprogrammed or experience-driven.
  • To compare visual development trajectories between preterm and full-term infants.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-two preterm and 45 full-term infants were studied for 6 months postnatally.
  • Simultaneous accommodation and convergence were measured using an infrared photorefractor.
  • Responses were analyzed by corrected (gestational) and chronological (postnatal) age.

Main Results:

  • When matched by corrected age, preterm and full-term infants showed minimal differences in vergence and accommodation.
  • Compared by chronological age, preterm infants exhibited more variable responses, including reduced vergence and accommodation gains.
  • Preterm infants showed reduced vergence response at 0.33m and increased accommodation at 2m compared to full-term infants.

Conclusions:

  • Vergence and accommodation maturation in preterm infants appears preprogrammed, independent of visual experience.
  • The findings suggest that visual maturation is largely innate.
  • Prolonged immature visual responses in preterm infants may increase the risk of oculomotor deficits like strabismus.