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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Henipavirus Encephalitis: Recent Developments and Advances.

Kien Chai Ong1, Kum Thong Wong2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)
|August 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) cause severe disease in humans and animals. Their pathology involves widespread vasculopathy and neuronal infection, leading to significant tissue damage, particularly in the CNS.

Keywords:
Hendra virusNipah virusencephalitispathological

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pathology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Henipaviruses, including Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), are zoonotic viruses within the Paramyxoviridae family.
  • These viruses emerged in the 1990s, causing severe and fatal outbreaks in humans and animals in Australia and Southeast Asia.
  • While HeV is primarily in Australia, NiV outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical and pathological features of henipavirus infections in humans.
  • To highlight the unique dual pathogenetic mechanism involving vasculopathy and neuronal infection.
  • To discuss the implications of animal models and the potential for future spillover events.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and pathological findings from human henipavirus infections.
  • Analysis of data from animal models used to study henipavirus pathogenesis.
  • Consideration of the natural host and global distribution of henipaviruses.

Main Results:

  • Henipavirus infections in humans present with similar clinical manifestations, predominantly acute encephalitic syndrome.
  • Pathological hallmarks include disseminated multi-organ vasculopathy (endothelial infection, vasculitis, thrombosis) and parenchymal cell infection, especially in the CNS, lungs, and kidneys.
  • This dual mechanism leads to severe tissue damage, including CNS ischemia/microinfarction and neuronal infection, with potential for relapsing encephalitis.

Conclusions:

  • Henipaviruses pose a significant threat due to their severe pathogenicity and potential for zoonotic transmission.
  • Animal models are crucial for understanding henipavirus infection and developing countermeasures.
  • Given the bat's role as the natural reservoir and its global presence, future spillover events into human populations are anticipated.