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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

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Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

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Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
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Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients,...
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A Freeze-Thawing Method to Prepare Chitosan-Polyvinyl alcohol Hydrogels Without Crosslinking Agents and Diflunisal Release Studies
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Added release time in diffusion/dissolution coupled release.

Eric Nuxoll1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|August 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Predicting drug release from complex systems is simplified. A new formula quantifies how dissolution rate and drug load affect cumulative release time (CRT), offering physical insights for controlled release systems.

Keywords:
Computational modelingControlled releaseDissolution rateHiguchi modelMean release time

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Sophisticated models exist for predicting solute release, but extracting quantitative trends is challenging.
  • Understanding controlled release kinetics is crucial for drug delivery system development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify release profiles of coupled diffusion/dissolution systems using cumulative release time (CRT).
  • To develop a simple analytical expression for predicting and understanding factors affecting mean release time.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical calculation of release profiles for coupled diffusion/dissolution systems.
  • Quantification of release profiles by cumulative release time (CRT).
  • Comparison of CRT against diffusion-controlled limits and analysis of parameter dependencies.

Main Results:

  • The increase in CRT due to finite dissolution rate varies inversely with the second Damköhler number.
  • CRT also varies linearly with the amount of solid drug loaded.
  • The derived relationship is independent of the secondary rate-limiting step's form.

Conclusions:

  • A simple analytical expression accurately predicts mean release time for controlled release systems.
  • The expression provides physical insights into the impact of dissolution rate and drug loading.
  • The findings suggest potential for further analytical derivations regarding secondary rate processes.