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Cell shape dynamics during the staphylococcal cell cycle.

João M Monteiro1, Pedro B Fernandes1, Filipa Vaz2

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Staphylococcus aureus cells elongate during division, challenging the view of spherical bacteria. Peptidoglycan remodeling and turgor pressure are key for cell division and shape.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Bacterial Morphology

Background:

  • Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen and a model for studying bacterial cell division.
  • Previous studies were limited by the small size of staphylococcal cells, hindering detailed morphological analysis during the cell cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic morphological changes of Staphylococcus aureus during its cell cycle.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying cell division and septum formation in cocci.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized super-resolution microscopy to achieve high-resolution imaging of Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Analyzed cell morphology and peptidoglycan synthesis and remodeling during cell division.

Main Results:

  • Staphylococcus aureus cells are not consistently spherical but elongate during specific cell cycle phases.
  • Peptidoglycan hydrolysis and turgor pressure are essential for reshaping the division septum into a curved surface.
  • The division septum contributes less than a hemisphere to each daughter cell, a characteristic common to other cocci, leading to asymmetric daughter cells.

Conclusions:

  • The study redefines the cell cycle morphology of Staphylococcus aureus, revealing dynamic elongation.
  • Findings necessitate a re-evaluation of existing models for division plane selection in spherical bacteria (cocci).
  • Cell surface scars do not dictate quadrant division, highlighting asymmetry in daughter cell formation.