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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

149
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
149
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

167
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
167
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

182
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
182
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

171
Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
171

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Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
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Allopurinol Induced DRESS Syndrome.

Pritesh Pawar, Vishal Anand Gupta, N D Karnik

    The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
    |August 19, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A 45-year-old woman developed itching, rash, and organ dysfunction after 3 months of allopurinol. This case suggests Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Pharmacology
    • Internal Medicine

    Background:

    • Allopurinol is a common medication used to treat gout and hyperuricemia.
    • Drug hypersensitivity reactions can manifest with diverse clinical presentations.
    • Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe adverse drug reaction.

    Observation:

    • A 45-year-old female patient presented with pruritus, rash, facial edema, and eosinophilia.
    • The patient had been taking allopurinol for three months prior to symptom onset.
    • Laboratory findings revealed hepatic and renal dysfunction.

    Findings:

    • Skin biopsy demonstrated interface dermatitis.
    • The clinical presentation and biopsy findings were consistent with DRESS syndrome.
    • Allopurinol was identified as the likely causative agent.

    Implications:

    • This case highlights the importance of considering DRESS syndrome in patients presenting with rash and systemic symptoms while on allopurinol.
    • Early recognition and withdrawal of the offending drug are crucial for managing DRESS syndrome.
    • Further research into the mechanisms and risk factors for allopurinol-induced DRESS is warranted.