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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

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Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
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A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff
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Getting water right: A case study in water yield modelling based on precipitation data.

Natalia Pessacg1, Silvia Flaherty1, Laura Brandizi1

  • 1Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT/CONICET), Blvrd. Brown 2825, U9120ACF Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.

The Science of the Total Environment
|August 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Precipitation data uncertainty significantly impacts water yield simulations in the Chubut River basin. Using satellite-based Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data improves accuracy compared to other global datasets.

Keywords:
Chubut River BasinEcosystem services modellingPrecipitation dataUncertaintiesWater yield

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrology
  • Ecosystem Services
  • Environmental Modeling

Background:

  • Water yield is a critical ecosystem service, especially in arid regions.
  • The Chubut River basin in Patagonia faces water scarcity challenges.
  • Precipitation data is a primary driver of water yield, yet its uncertainty is often overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess spatial and numeric differences among global precipitation datasets in the Chubut River basin.
  • To validate these datasets against independent ground station data.
  • To quantify the impact of precipitation data uncertainty on water yield simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model for simulations.
  • Inputted six different global precipitation datasets into the InVEST model.
  • Compared model outputs derived from each precipitation dataset.

Main Results:

  • Significant discrepancies were found among the six precipitation datasets in magnitude and spatial distribution.
  • Five datasets overestimated precipitation by over 50%, especially in western regions.
  • The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) dataset, based on satellite data, showed good agreement with ground stations and captured the Andean rain shadow effect.
  • Precipitation errors of +/-30% led to water yield errors ranging from +/-45% to +/-150% in sub-basins.

Conclusions:

  • Assessing input data uncertainty is crucial for accurate ecosystem service quantification and mapping.
  • Global environmental datasets should not be used without critical evaluation of their suitability.
  • The choice of precipitation dataset significantly influences water yield model outcomes, highlighting the need for careful data selection in hydrological studies.