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Hyperprolactinemia: pathophysiology and therapeutic approach.

Anna Capozzi1, Giovanni Scambia, Alfredo Pontecorvi

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Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology
|August 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone vital for lactation and other functions. Hyperprolactinemia, often caused by prolactinomas, leads to reproductive issues and requires careful diagnosis to exclude other conditions.

Keywords:
Cabergolinedopamine agonisthyperprolactinemiaoligomenorrhea

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Prolactin (PRL) is primarily secreted by the anterior pituitary but also by extrapituitary cells.
  • PRL is crucial for lactation and involved in angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and osmoregulation.
  • Hyperprolactinemia, or excess PRL, causes reproductive dysfunction like hypogonadism and infertility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemical characteristics and physiological functions of prolactin.
  • To discuss the clinical and pharmacological management of hyperprolactinemia.
  • To highlight common causes and differential diagnoses of hyperprolactinemia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of prolactin's role and hyperprolactinemia.
  • Analysis of biochemical and physiological data.
  • Discussion of clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Prolactinoma (lactotroph adenoma) is a frequent cause of hyperprolactinemia.
  • Hyperprolactinemia can be secondary to hypothalamic-pituitary pathway disruption or idiopathic.
  • Other conditions like stress, renal failure, and hypothyroidism must be excluded.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding prolactin's diverse functions is essential.
  • Accurate diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia requires excluding various secondary causes.
  • Comprehensive management involves biochemical and clinical assessment.