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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

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Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Catalytic living ring-opening metathesis polymerization.

Amit A Nagarkar1, Andreas F M Kilbinger1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland.

Nature Chemistry
|August 21, 2015
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Researchers developed a new chain-transfer agent (CTA) for living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). This innovation significantly reduces the need for expensive metal catalysts, making well-defined polymer synthesis more cost-effective and sustainable.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) offers precise control over polymer properties.
  • High initiator concentrations, often one per polymer chain, make traditional ROMP costly for industrial applications.
  • Residual metal catalysts, such as ruthenium, can be undesirable in final polymer products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective method for living ROMP.
  • To reduce the amount of metal catalyst required in ROMP.
  • To maintain precise control over polymer molecular weight and architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a degenerative chain-transfer process to ROMP.
  • Utilizing substituted cyclohexene rings as effective chain-transfer agents (CTAs).
  • Employing catalytic quantities of the transition-metal-carbene complex initiator.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful living polymerization using significantly reduced metal catalyst concentrations.
  • Achieved polymers with narrow molecular-weight distributions and controlled molecular weights.
  • Successfully synthesized block copolymers, showcasing the versatility of the method.
  • Significantly reduced residual ruthenium catalyst levels in the final polymers.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CTA method enables cost-effective synthesis of well-defined polymers via living ROMP.
  • This approach maintains the 'living' characteristics of polymerization, including molecular weight control and block copolymer formation.
  • The technique offers a sustainable and economical route to advanced polymers for diverse applications.