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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Meiosis I03:09

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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Establishing CENP-E Knockout HeLa Cells &#8211; A Novel Approach to Study Kinesin-7 CENP-E Biology and its Inhibitors
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Author Spotlight: Establishing CENP-E Knockout HeLa Cells – A Novel Approach to Study Kinesin-7 CENP-E Biology and its Inhibitors

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Point mutation impairs centromeric CENH3 loading and induces haploid plants.

Raheleh Karimi-Ashtiyani1, Takayoshi Ishii1, Markus Niessen2

  • 1Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

A specific mutation in CENH3 (centromere-specific histone H3) reduces its loading at centromeres, impacting chromosome stability. This finding has potential applications in crop haploid technology.

Keywords:
CENH3 loadingCENH3 mutantchromosome eliminationhaploid inductionplant breeding

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Chromosome Biology
  • Plant Genetics and Breeding

Background:

  • The centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENH3 (CENP-A) is crucial for kinetochore assembly and active centromere function.
  • Errors in CENH3 processing can lead to centromere inactivation and chromosome instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of a single-point amino acid exchange in the centromere-targeting domain of CENH3.
  • To assess the impact of this mutation on CENH3 loading and centromere function across different plant species.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a specific point mutation (L130F) into the CENH3 gene.
  • Complementation of cenh3-null mutant plants with the mutated CENH3 in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • Analysis of CENH3 loading and chromosome behavior in barley, sugar beet, and Arabidopsis thaliana.

Main Results:

  • A single amino acid exchange in CENH3's centromere-targeting domain reduces CENH3 loading in barley, sugar beet, and Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • In Arabidopsis thaliana, haploids were generated when mutated CENH3-complemented plants were crossed with wild-type.
  • No uniparental chromosome elimination occurred when centromeres exclusively contained either mutated or wild-type CENH3.

Conclusions:

  • The identified CENH3 mutation site is evolutionarily conserved, suggesting broad applicability.
  • This research provides a foundation for developing novel haploid induction technologies in various crop species.