Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

741
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
741
Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

1.1K
Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Kinestesia: A neuroplasticity-based cognitive-motor intervention for brain health in aging-proof-of-concept pilot evidence.

Archives of gerontology and geriatrics·2026
Same author

Editorial: Mechanisms and interventions for enhancing cognitive reserve in aging populations.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026
Same author

Psychometric properties and validation of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) in Mexican mothers.

Archives of women's mental health·2026
Same author

Functional connectivity alterations in objectively defined subtle cognitive decline: A cross-sectional functional MRI study in cognitively healthy older adults.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2026
Same author

EEG Signatures of COVID-19 Survival compared to close contacts and the Cuban EEG normative database.

Clinical neurophysiology practice·2026
Same author

Auditory Discrimination of Parametrically Sonified EEG Signals in Alzheimer's Disease.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

8.2K

Neurofeedback in Learning Disabled Children: Visual versus Auditory Reinforcement.

Thalía Fernández1, Jorge Bosch-Bayard2, Thalía Harmony2

  • 1Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico. thaliafh@yahoo.com.mx.

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
|August 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Auditory neurofeedback (NFB) effectively reduces the theta/alpha ratio in children with learning disabilities (LD). This method also improves cognitive abilities more than visual NFB, suggesting it is a more efficacious treatment for LD.

Keywords:
EEG-biofeedbackLearning disabled childrenNeurofeedbackQEEGVisual versus auditory reinforcement

More Related Videos

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique
11:39

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

2.7K
A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

8.2K
Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique
11:39

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

2.7K
A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pediatrics
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Children with learning disabilities (LD) often exhibit abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns, specifically an excess of theta activity and a deficit of alpha activity.
  • Neurofeedback (NFB) is a therapeutic tool that uses EEG feedback to help individuals regulate brain activity.
  • Previous research indicates NFB, using auditory stimuli, can positively reinforce decreases in the theta/alpha ratio, proving beneficial for LD children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize neurofeedback (NFB) procedures for treating learning disabilities (LD).
  • To compare the efficacy of visual versus auditory reinforcers in NFB interventions for LD children.
  • To determine which type of reinforcer (visual or auditory) is more effective in improving EEG patterns and cognitive functions.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty children diagnosed with learning disabilities (LD) and an elevated theta/alpha ratio were recruited.
  • Participants were randomly assigned to either an Auditory NFB group or a Visual NFB group.
  • The Auditory group received a 500 Hz tone, while the Visual group received a white square as positive reinforcement for reducing their theta/alpha ratio.

Main Results:

  • Both the Auditory and Visual NFB groups demonstrated signs of EEG maturation (reduction in theta/alpha ratio).
  • However, only the children in the Auditory NFB group exhibited significant behavioral and cognitive improvements.
  • The auditory reinforcer proved more efficacious in both reducing the theta/alpha ratio and enhancing cognitive abilities compared to the visual reinforcer.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory neurofeedback (NFB) is a more effective intervention than visual NFB for children with learning disabilities (LD) exhibiting high theta/alpha ratios.
  • The auditory stimulus facilitates greater improvements in EEG patterns and cognitive functions compared to visual stimuli.
  • Optimizing NFB with auditory reinforcers offers a promising therapeutic avenue for addressing learning disabilities.