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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

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Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

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In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
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Encephalitis Surveillance through the Emerging Infections Program, 1997-2010.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Encephalitis is a severe neurologic illness with high disability and mortality rates.
    • Identifying the cause of encephalitis is challenging, with agents identified in less than 50% of cases.
    • Existing diagnostic and treatment strategies require improvement.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To enhance the identification of etiologic agents causing encephalitis.
    • To improve treatment strategies and patient outcomes for encephalitis.
    • To establish a large cohort for studying encephalitis.

    Main Methods:

    • Syndromic surveillance for encephalitis was established in New York, California, and Tennessee.
    • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program (EIP) Encephalitis Project was initiated.
    • The largest cohort of encephalitis patients to date was studied.

    Main Results:

    • The project provided insights into established and emerging causes of infectious and autoimmune encephalitis.
    • Diagnostic evaluation and case definitions for encephalitis have been influenced by the project's findings.
    • A potential link between enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid paralysis with myelitis was recognized.

    Conclusions:

    • Ongoing vigilance for emerging causes of neurologic disease is crucial.
    • Improved identification of causative agents can lead to better treatment and outcomes.
    • This research represents a significant advancement in understanding and managing encephalitis.