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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

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Published on: February 3, 2014

Coning phenomena under laminar flow.

Mizuki Higuchi¹, Katsuhide Terada¹, Kiyohiko Sugano¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences

|August 23, 2015

Summary

The paddle dissolution test shows unique particle behavior in laminar flow, differing from turbulent conditions. Understanding these coning phenomena is crucial for drug dissolution in viscous fluids.

Keywords:

Coning Laminar flow Paddle Particle shape Zwietering equation

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Last Updated: Apr 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Chemical Engineering
Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Coning phenomena, where particles form a cone shape, can impact drug dissolution testing.
Understanding particle hydrodynamics in viscous media is critical for simulating physiological conditions, such as the fed state.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate coning phenomena in the paddle dissolution test specifically under laminar flow conditions (Reynolds number <500).
To determine the minimum rotation speed (no coning rpm, NCrpm) at which coning disappears in viscous media.

Main Methods:

Measurements of NCrpm were conducted in viscous media (23-147 mPa·s) using various particles.
The Zwietering equation was applied to analyze the influence of particle size, density, and viscosity on NCrpm.
Experimental data were compared with predictions from the Zwietering equation.

Main Results:

Exponent values for particle size, density, and viscosity in the Zwietering equation were determined as 0.066, 0.38, and 0.22, respectively.
The Zwietering equation accurately predicted NCrpm with an average error of 8 rpm.
Observed exponent values and NCrpm behavior under laminar flow significantly differ from those reported for turbulent flow.

Conclusions:

The physical forces governing particle motion in laminar flow differ from those in turbulent flow during paddle dissolution testing.
These findings highlight the importance of considering flow regime (laminar vs. turbulent) when evaluating drug product dissolution in viscous fluids, particularly for simulating the fed state.