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Related Concept Videos

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
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Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
Located under the diaphragm, the liver is almost entirely ensconced within the rib cage, providing it with substantial protection. Except for the superior most bare area, the liver's surface is...
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Liver Physiology01:30

Liver Physiology

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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can...
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Novel In Vivo Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging Techniques for Assessing the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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[Vascular liver diseases].

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    Portal vein thrombosis, a rare vascular liver disease, can lead to esophageal variceal bleeding. Anticoagulation may be necessary for prothrombotic conditions, even with bleeding risks.

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    Murine Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an Ex Vivo Model of Liver Biology
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    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Vascular Medicine
    • Thrombosis Research

    Context:

    • Vascular liver diseases, including portal vein thrombosis, obliterative portal venopathy, and Budd-Chiari syndrome, are rare conditions.
    • Portal vein thrombosis is the least common but most discussed, with esophageal variceal bleeding as a primary complication if recanalization fails.
    • Prothrombotic conditions, such as myeloproliferative syndrome, frequently underlie portal vein thrombosis.

    Purpose:

    • To detail the characteristics and management of portal vein thrombosis.
    • To explore the role of anticoagulation in managing portal vein thrombosis, considering bleeding risks.
    • To discuss the broader implications of vascular and thrombotic factors in cirrhosis pathophysiology.

    Summary:

    • Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a significant vascular liver disease where recanalization failure post-acute phase leads to esophageal variceal bleeding.
    • Management often involves long-term anticoagulation for underlying prothrombotic states, balancing bleeding risks.
    • Vascular and thrombotic issues are implicated in cirrhosis, suggesting potential benefits of anticoagulation in select patients.

    Impact:

    • Highlights the critical need for managing prothrombotic conditions in PVT patients.
    • Informs clinical decisions regarding anticoagulation in PVT and cirrhosis.
    • Advances understanding of vascular disease's role in liver pathology and treatment strategies.