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Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

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Updated: Apr 5, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Published on: March 24, 2018

Ionic Liquids with Weakly Coordinating [M(III)(OR(F))4](-) Anions.

Alexander B A Rupp^1,2, Ingo Krossing^1,2

¹Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|August 25, 2015

Summary

Highly fluorinated aluminate ionic liquids (ILs) with weakly coordinating anions offer tunable properties for diverse applications. Their minimized interionic interactions provide insights into fundamental IL behavior and enable property prediction.

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Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts with melting points below 100 °C, exhibiting unique properties like high conductivity and low vapor pressure.
Their tunable nature allows for vast combinations, making them suitable for various applications.
Highly fluorinated aluminate and borate anions represent a novel class of ILs with significantly reduced interionic interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the synthesis, properties, and applications of highly fluorinated aluminate ILs, particularly [Al(OR(F))4](-).
To highlight the advantages and limitations of these ILs in electrochemical applications.
To explore the potential of these ILs as model systems for understanding general IL behavior.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of ILs using highly fluorinated aluminate and borate anions with organic cations.
Characterization of ILs' thermal, toxicological, physical, and dynamic properties.
Evaluation of ILs in electrochemical applications, including cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical cells.

Main Results:

ILs incorporating [Al(Ohfip)4](-) anions and asymmetric organic cations exhibit very low melting points, some below 0 °C.
These ILs demonstrate significantly reduced interionic interactions and ion pairing compared to other ILs.
The study provides insights into the fundamental principles governing IL properties, enabling prediction of behavior in other IL systems.

Conclusions:

Highly fluorinated aluminate ILs, especially [Al(Ohfip)4](-), serve as excellent model systems for studying ILs with minimized interactions.
Their unique properties make them promising for electrochemical applications and fundamental research.
Further research is needed to fully explore their potential and address existing knowledge gaps.