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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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A Pediatrician's View.

Joel E Frader

    Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics
    |August 25, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Medical practices for intersex individuals may not align with updated guidelines, leading to continued patient harm. Discrepancies persist regarding disclosure, surgery, cancer prevention, and gonad retention, with insufficient data to resolve these issues.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical ethics
    • Patient advocacy
    • Intersex studies

    Background:

    • Individuals with intersex conditions report significant medical abuse.
    • Expert opinions evolved regarding disclosure and deferring cosmetic surgery for intersex individuals.
    • Historical medical practices often lacked patient-centered approaches.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess changes in medical practices for intersex individuals over several decades.
    • To identify persistent discrepancies between patient and practitioner views on intersex care.
    • To examine differing perspectives on cancer prevention and gonad retention in intersex management.

    Main Methods:

    • The study likely involved a review of historical and current medical literature and guidelines.

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  • Analysis of patient pengalaman and medical records may have been conducted.
  • Comparison of expert opinions and reported practices was central to the methodology.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant medical abuse experienced by intersex individuals persists.
    • Actual practice changes over decades remain largely unknown.
    • Discrepancies between patient and practitioner views are evident, particularly concerning cancer prevention and natural hormone production via gonads.

    Conclusions:

    • Current medical practices for intersex individuals may not fully reflect updated expert recommendations.
    • There is a critical need for more data to understand and resolve differing perspectives in intersex care.
    • Addressing discrepancies in disclosure, surgical interventions, and gonadal management is crucial for improving patient outcomes.