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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
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Electrodes: Overview01:17

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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
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The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...
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Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
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In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Fabrication of Thin Film Silver/Silver Chloride Electrodes with Finely Controlled Single Layer Silver Chloride
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An instantly usable paper-based screen-printed solid-state KCl/Ag/AgCl reference electrode with long-term stability.

Isao Shitanda1, Masato Komoda, Yoshinao Hoshi

  • 1Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan. shitanda@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp.

The Analyst
|August 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

A new screen-printed paper-based silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode offers a stable, cost-effective, and disposable reference electrode solution. Its rapid setup time and reliable performance make it ideal for various applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Reference electrodes are crucial for electrochemical measurements.
  • Existing reference electrodes can be expensive, time-consuming to set up, or non-disposable.
  • There is a need for cost-effective, easily deployable reference electrodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and characterize a novel screen-printed paper-based silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode.
  • To evaluate its performance as a disposable reference electrode.
  • To assess its stability and setup time compared to existing technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Screen-printing technique was used to fabricate the Ag/AgCl electrode on a paper substrate.
  • Electrochemical measurements were performed to assess potential stability.
  • Setup time was recorded and compared to literature values.

Main Results:

  • The fabricated electrode demonstrated potential stability for approximately 75 hours.
  • The setup time was found to be less than 1 minute.
  • The electrode proved to be a cost-effective and disposable solution.

Conclusions:

  • The developed screen-printed paper-based Ag/AgCl electrode is a viable, low-cost alternative for reference electrode applications.
  • Its rapid deployment and stability offer significant advantages over conventional electrodes.
  • This technology has potential for widespread use in portable and field electrochemical sensing.