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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
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Updated: Apr 5, 2026

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[Augmentation technique on the proximal humerus].

A Scola1, F Gebhard, G Röderer

  • 1Zentrum für Chirurgie, Klinik für Unfall-, Hand-, Plastische- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland, alexander.scola@uniklinik-ulm.de.

Der Unfallchirurg
|August 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Augmenting screws in proximal humerus fractures significantly improves plate stability. This technique effectively compensates for low bone mineral density, enhancing fixation in osteoporotic bone.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Bone Healing

Background:

  • Osteoporotic fractures present a significant clinical challenge.
  • Current fixation methods for proximal humerus fractures require optimization for bone quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of screw augmentation in enhancing primary stability of locked plating for proximal humerus fractures.
  • To assess the impact of augmentation on biomechanical performance in a simulated osteoporotic bone model.

Main Methods:

  • A biomechanical study using paired human humeri randomized into augmented and non-augmented groups.
  • Osteosynthesis with PHILOS plates, with targeted screw augmentation in the weakest bone areas.
  • Varus bending tests were performed on a 3-part fracture model.

Main Results:

  • Augmented PHILOS plates demonstrated significantly higher load cycles to failure.
  • Screw augmentation partially compensated for reduced bone mineral density (BMD).
  • Targeted augmentation was nearly as effective as using double the cement without targeted placement.

Conclusions:

  • Screw augmentation effectively improves primary stability in proximal humerus locked plating under cyclic varus loading.
  • Augmentation offers a method to enhance fixation in osteoporotic bone, potentially reducing complications.
  • The technique is simple, applicable to various surgical approaches, and can be tailored to local bone quality.