Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

582
Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
582
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

577
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
577
Flashbulb Memory01:16

Flashbulb Memory

452
A flashbulb memory is a highly vivid and detailed memory, often linked to events of significant emotional impact. These memories stand out in contrast to everyday memories due to their clarity and the precision with which they are recalled. The strong emotions associated with the event act as a catalyst, ensuring that specific details, such as one's location, actions, and even peripheral elements, are etched into memory with remarkable accuracy. For example, many people can vividly recall...
452
Storage01:23

Storage

489
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
489
Autobiographical Memory01:14

Autobiographical Memory

7.2K
Autobiographical memory is a unique type of episodic memory that involves recollecting personal life experiences. It allows individuals to remember significant events from their past, creating a narrative of their lives. One interesting phenomenon related to autobiographical memory is the reminiscence bump. This effect refers to the tendency of adults to recall more events from their second and third decades of life — typically between ages 10 to 30 — than from other periods. This...
7.2K
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

1.8K
Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Investigating the Effects of Smartphone Use During Short Breaks on Cognitive Performance and Affective States.

Psychological reports·2026
Same author

Proportional Aggregation in Hierarchical Data Visualization.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026
Same author

Disentangling individual differences in cognitive response mechanisms for rating scale items: A flexible-mixture multidimensional IRTree approach.

Behavior research methods·2025
Same author

Demotivated, but still attentive: Text disfluency does not affect mind-wandering and reading comprehension, but reduces motivation.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2025
Same author

Disentangling Qualitatively Different Faking Strategies in High-Stakes Personality Assessments: A Mixture Extension of the Multidimensional Nominal Response Model.

Educational and psychological measurement·2025
Same author

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Metacognitive Prospective Memory Inventory-Short Form (MPMI-s) in Non-Central Nervous System Cancer Patients.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same journal

Limited protective effects of multilingualism against age-related cognitive decline.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Validation of illustrated texts: Can pictures raise awareness of inconsistencies?

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

4I remember (and forget) your happy smiling face: Directed forgetting of emotionally expressive faces of in-group and out-group members.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Identity in the spotlight: Matching faces without overlapping features.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Test delay and change awareness moderate retroactive and proactive memory effects.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

The Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion in short-term memory: Opposite effects of retention interval on true and false recognition.

Memory & cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.5K

Spontaneous prospective-memory processing: Unexpected fluency experiences trigger erroneous intention executions.

Jan Rummel1, Thorsten Meiser2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Hauptstrasse 47-51, D-69117, Heidelberg, Germany. jan.rummel@psychologie.uni-heidelberg.de.

Memory & Cognition
|August 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that discrepant environmental cues automatically trigger event-based prospective memory intentions. Increased processing fluency of cues enhances intention fulfillment, independent of controlled cognitive processes.

Keywords:
Discrepancy-plus-searchProcessing fluencyProspective memorySpontaneous noticing

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.8K
Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

6.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.5K
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.8K
Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

6.0K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Event-based prospective memory involves remembering intentions triggered by environmental cues.
  • Cue discrepancy is thought to facilitate spontaneous noticing and intention execution.
  • The role of spontaneous noticing versus controlled processing in discrepancy benefits remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spontaneous nature of cue discrepancy benefits in prospective memory.
  • To determine if increased processing fluency of discrepant stimuli enhances intention fulfillment.
  • To explore the influence of cue-memory uncertainty on reliance on cue discrepancy.

Main Methods:

  • Participants held intentions and were presented with stimuli manipulated for processing fluency.
  • Priming procedures, including spaced repetition and short pre-exposure, were used to increase stimulus fluency.
  • Experiments varied to examine the impact of cue-memory uncertainty.

Main Results:

  • Stimuli with increased processing fluency, due to repetition or pre-exposure, tended to elicit intention fulfillment.
  • This effect occurred even when the stimuli were inappropriate for the intention.
  • Findings on whether cue-memory uncertainty enhances reliance on discrepancy were inconsistent.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence for a spontaneous, discrepancy-based prospective memory process.
  • This process appears to operate independently of controlled cognitive operations.
  • Discrepancy-based benefits in prospective memory may be driven by automatic, fluency-related mechanisms.