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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
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An architecture for encoding sentence meaning in left mid-superior temporal cortex.

Steven M Frankland1, Joshua D Greene2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 franklan@fas.harvard.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 26, 2015
PubMed
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The human brain

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Human cognition involves combining word meanings to form complex thoughts.
  • Understanding sentence structure is crucial for interpreting meaning, especially who performs an action and to whom it is done.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify brain regions involved in flexibly encoding the "who did what to whom" structure of sentences.
  • To investigate how abstract semantic variables are represented in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • Two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments were conducted.
  • Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) was used to analyze brain activity patterns.

Main Results:

  • A region in the left mid-superior temporal cortex (lmSTC) was identified that flexibly encodes sentence structure.
  • Distinct subregions within lmSTC represent the "agent" (who did it) and "patient" (to whom it was done).
  • lmSTC activity patterns predicted affect-related amygdala responses dependent on sentence meaning.

Conclusions:

  • The lmSTC plays a critical role in representing abstract semantic variables for sentence comprehension.
  • This brain region's functional architecture may resemble data registers, supporting flexible thought generation.
  • The findings offer insights into the neural basis of complex human cognition and language processing.