Physical origin of DNA unzipping

In DNA transcription, the base pairs are unzipped in response to the enzymatic forces, separating apart two intertwined nucleotide strands. Consequently, the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), in which two nucleotide strands wind about each other, transits structurally to the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in which two nucleotide strands are completely unwound and separated. The large interstrand separation is intimately related to the softening nucleotide strands. This conceptual framework is reinforced with the flow of the bending modulus toward zero under recursion relations derived from the momentum shell renormalization group. Interestingly, the stretch modulus remains the same under recursion relations. The renormalization of the bending modulus to zero has a profound implication that ssDNA has the shorter bending persistence length than does dsDNA in accordance with experiments.