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Cloak and Dagger: Alternative Immune Evasion and Modulation Strategies of Poxviruses

Susanna R Bidgood1, Jason Mercer2

  • 1Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. s.bidgood@ucl.ac.uk.

Viruses
|August 27, 2015
PubMed

Insights

Poxviruses employ sophisticated strategies to evade host immune detection, including mimicking apoptotic bodies and forming cloaked extracellular viruses (EVs). These mechanisms are crucial for viral replication and survival within the host cell.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Viruses require host cellular factors for replication and must evade host defenses.
  • Poxviruses are known to express numerous host modulatory factors.
  • Recent studies suggest unique poxvirus strategies for evading host detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the immune evasion strategies employed by poxviruses.
  • To explore potential mechanisms of poxvirus host immune evasion.
  • To propose a model for the formation of extracellular viruses (EVs).

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on poxvirus immune evasion.
  • Analysis of proposed poxvirus strategies: mimicry of apoptotic bodies, use of lateral bodies, and formation of cloaked EVs.
  • Model proposal for EV formation via the exosome pathway.

Main Results:

  • Poxviruses utilize mature virions (MVs) to mimic apoptotic bodies.
  • Viral lateral bodies package and deliver host modulators.
  • A distinct, "cloaked" form of infectious extracellular virus (EVs) is produced.

Conclusions:

  • Poxvirus strategies like apoptotic mimicry and cloaked EVs facilitate immune evasion.
  • The exosome pathway is proposed as a mechanism for EV formation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to controlling poxvirus infections.
Keywords:
exocytosisexosomeimmune evasionvaccinia virusvirus entry

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