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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

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Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse
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A gynaecologic perspective on cloacal malformations.

Stefanie Cardamone1, Sarah Creighton

  • 1Department of Women's Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK.

Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
|August 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cloacal malformation care advances improve quality of life, but data on gynecologic and sexual health outcomes remain limited. Further research is needed to guide clinical practice and preserve fertility.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Gynecologic Health

Background:

  • Surgical reconstruction of cloacal malformations has improved functional outcomes.
  • Adolescents and women with cloacal malformations now aspire to typical life experiences, including sexual health and fertility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on gynecologic and sexual function in patients with cloacal malformations.
  • To identify challenges and gaps in the literature regarding long-term outcomes.
  • To inform clinical management and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of gynecologic and obstetric outcomes.
  • Analysis of available case reports and studies.
  • Identification of unique gynecologic issues across different life stages.

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Main Results:

  • Limited data exist on gynecologic outcomes and sexual function.
  • Obstetric data are primarily from case reports.
  • Gaps in evidence hinder evidence-based recommendations for gynecologic providers.

Conclusions:

  • Specialized gynecologic care is crucial for managing complications in patients with cloacal malformations.
  • Early recognition and management are vital for sexual esteem and fertility preservation.
  • Pregnancy necessitates multidisciplinary care and specialized prenatal preparation.