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Related Concept Videos

The Retina01:32

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Preparation and Analysis of Histological Slides of Rat and Mouse Eyeballs to Evaluate the Retina
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Introduction to the Retina.

Hans E Grossniklaus1, Eldon E Geisert1, John M Nickerson1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|August 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review surveys the retina, covering its anatomy, cell types, and basic biochemistry. It introduces key physiological processes like visual transduction and electroretinogram signal origins.

Keywords:
DevelopmentGlaucomaMouse modelsRetinaRetinoidsVisual cycleZebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The retina is a complex neural tissue responsible for vision.
  • Understanding retinal structure and function is crucial for diagnosing and treating visual impairments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a foundational overview of retinal anatomy, cell types, and basic physiological processes.
  • To establish terminology and naming conventions for the retina.
  • To prepare readers for detailed discussions on specific retinal aspects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing knowledge on retinal structure and function.
  • Introduction to anatomical features, including gross and microscopic anatomy of the fundus.
  • Explanation of retinal layers, cell types, and neuronal circuitry.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of retinal anatomical structures and nomenclature.
  • Overview of retinal cell types and their interconnectedness (neuronal wiring).
  • Brief discussion of the biochemistry of visual transduction and the Vitamin A cycle.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive introduction to the retina's structural and functional organization.
  • Key physiological processes, including outer segment disk shedding and electroretinogram signal generation, are explained.
  • This foundational knowledge is essential for further exploration of retinal science.