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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Published on: October 20, 2019

Neighbourhood-scale urban forest ecosystem classification.

James W N Steenberg¹, Andrew A Millward², Peter N Duinker³

¹Environmental Applied Science and Management, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada; Urban Forest Research & Ecological Disturbance (UFRED) Group, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.

Journal of Environmental Management

|August 28, 2015

Summary

Urban forest ecosystem classification (UFEC) provides a framework for managing city trees. This study developed a UFEC model for Toronto, identifying 12 distinct urban forest classes.

Keywords:

Cluster analysis Ecosystem classification Management Neighbourhood Urban forest

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Area of Science:

Urban ecology
Environmental management
Spatial analysis

Background:

Urban forests are vital for sustainable cities, yet effective management requires ecological classification at relevant spatial scales.
Ecosystem classification aids urban planners by defining homogeneous management units based on social and ecological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and propose a novel framework for urban forest ecosystem classification (UFEC).
To apply the UFEC framework at the neighborhood scale in Toronto, Canada.

Main Methods:

A multifactor framework integrating 12 ecosystem components (biophysical, built, human).
Hierarchical cluster analysis using 27 spatially-explicit variables in Toronto.
Quantification of ecosystem components to define management units.

Main Results:

Identification of 12 distinct urban forest ecosystem classes in Toronto.
Tree canopy cover showed a positive correlation with income, but variable relationships with education and homeownership.
Open green space and tree stocking were linked to population density, building intensity, and land use.

Conclusions:

The UFEC framework offers essential data for urban greening, tree planting, and canopy maintenance strategies.
UFEC can guide resource allocation for ecological conditions and social equity in urban nature access.
This classification supports informed decision-making for sustainable urban forest management.