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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

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Predictive coding in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea1, Srivas Chennu2, Tristan A Bekinschtein3

  • 1Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile;

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Summary

This study reveals distinct neural mechanisms underlying attention deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), linked to predictive coding. Findings suggest different reliance on prior beliefs versus sensory input in ASD and ADHD, respectively.

Keywords:
ADHDASDMMNP300predictive coding

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Predictive coding offers a framework for understanding neural processes in neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • Attentional abnormalities are a key feature in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms of attentional abnormalities in ASD and ADHD using a predictive coding approach.
  • To differentiate the top-down expectation processing in children with ASD and ADHD compared to controls.

Main Methods:

  • High-density electroencephalography (EEG) was used to monitor brain dynamics in 59 children (8-15 yr) with ASD, ADHD, or controls.
  • Participants listened to standard and deviant tone sequences, with manipulated top-down expectations (expected vs. unexpected deviant sequences).
  • Scalp and source-space analyses were performed to examine cortical responses.

Main Results:

  • Children with ASD showed reduced superior frontal cortex (FC) responses to unexpected events and increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation to expected events.
  • Children with ADHD exhibited reduced superior FC responses to expected events but strong PFC activation to unexpected events.
  • Neural abnormalities correlated with inhibitory control in ASD and set-shifting in ADHD.

Conclusions:

  • Predictive coding framework suggests top-down expectation abnormalities in ASD and ADHD stem from differential precision allocated to prior beliefs (ASD) and sensory input (ADHD).
  • Distinct neural profiles and associated control mechanisms (inhibitory control for ASD, set-shifting for ADHD) characterize these disorders.