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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
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Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA for the Study of RNA-Protein Interactions: The IRE/IRP Example
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ESCRTs are everywhere.

James H Hurley1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA jimhurley@berkeley.edu.

The EMBO Journal
|August 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ESCRT protein machinery, crucial for membrane budding and neck scission, performs diverse cellular roles beyond its classical functions. These proteins are vital in processes from viral budding to DNA repair and autophagy.

Keywords:
exosomeexovesiclenuclear envelope reformationplasma membrane wound repairshedding microvesicle

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) machinery is an evolutionarily conserved protein system.
  • ESCRTs are known for their roles in multivesicular body biogenesis, viral budding, and cytokinesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the expanding repertoire of ESCRT protein functions.
  • To highlight the conserved membrane-neck-directed activities underlying these diverse roles.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research findings on ESCRT functions.
  • Analysis of conserved molecular mechanisms across different cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • ESCRTs are implicated in novel functions including microvesicle/exosome biogenesis, plasma membrane repair, neuron pruning, and nuclear envelope dynamics.
  • ESCRT involvement extends to viral replication compartments and various forms of autophagy.
  • The conserved membrane-neck-directed activity is a unifying principle across ESCRT functions.

Conclusions:

  • ESCRT proteins play a remarkably widespread and fundamental role in cell biology.
  • The ancient membrane remodeling capabilities of ESCRTs are adapted for a broad range of cellular processes.