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The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm
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Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm

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Spatially-Distributed Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Framework to Control Phosphorus from Agricultural Diffuse

Runzhe Geng1, Xiaoyan Wang2, Andrew N Sharpley3

  • 1College of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China; Policy Research Center for Environmental and Economy, Ministry of Environmental Protection, P. R. China, Beijing, 100029, China.

Plos One
|August 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Implementing targeted best management practices (BMPs) significantly reduces agricultural phosphorus (P) loss. Aggregated BMP placement within high-risk watersheds proves most cost-effective for improving water quality across multiple scales.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Water Resource Management

Background:

  • Agricultural diffuse pollution poses a challenge to receiving water quality at various spatial scales.
  • Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) for diffuse pollution control requires integrated approaches.
  • Optimizing BMP implementation for nutrient discharge reduction necessitates considering multiple spatial scales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an integrated approach combining risk assessment, model simulation, and BMP placement tools.
  • To identify optimal locations for multiple BMPs and estimate their effectiveness at various scales.
  • To develop a statistical optimization framework for diffuse pollution management in agricultural watersheds.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Phosphorus (P) index for risk assessment and Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN for model simulation.
  • Developed a BMP placement tool to identify optimal locations for BMP implementation across different scales.
  • Estimated cost-effectiveness curves for various allocation approaches and evaluated a statistical optimization framework.

Main Results:

  • BMP implementation significantly decreased P loss from the Chaohe River Watershed (p >0.001).
  • Targeting BMPs to high-risk areas for P loss reduced P loads more effectively than random placement.
  • Aggregated BMP placement within specific watersheds emerged as the most cost-effective scenario for P loss reduction.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated, spatially hierarchical approach provides a theoretical basis and technical guidance for diffuse pollution management.
  • Targeting BMPs at multiple scales is essential for optimizing program efficiency and improving water quality.
  • The developed framework offers a new method for strategically selecting and placing BMPs to mitigate agricultural nonpoint source pollution.