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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...
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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Current Considerations.

Cynthia A Stuenkel1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 6376 Castejon Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|August 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) offers the most effective relief for vasomotor and vaginal symptoms. Younger women, less than 60, or within 10 years of menopause onset, experience the greatest benefits with the lowest risks.

Keywords:
BazedoxifeneEstrogenMenopausal hormone therapyOspemifeneProgestogenSelective estrogen receptor modulator

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is a primary treatment for menopausal symptoms.
  • Optimal timing for MHT initiation is crucial for maximizing benefits and minimizing risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and safety of MHT for menopausal symptom management.
  • To guide clinicians in patient selection and treatment strategies for MHT.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on MHT efficacy, safety, and patient-specific factors.
  • Analysis of risk-benefit profiles based on age and time since menopause onset.

Main Results:

  • MHT is highly effective for vasomotor and vaginal symptoms.
  • Women under 60 or within 10 years of menopause onset show the greatest benefit-risk ratio.

Conclusions:

  • Careful patient assessment is essential before initiating MHT.
  • Individualized treatment plans considering symptom severity, contraindications, and personal risks are recommended.