Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

1.8K
Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
1.8K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.6K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.6K
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

585
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
585
Prosopagnosia01:24

Prosopagnosia

1.1K
Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
1.1K
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

2.3K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
2.3K
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

1.2K
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for post-stroke depression: protocol for an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Systematic reviews·2026
Same author

Association of Protein C, but Not Protein S or Antithrombin With Ischemic Stroke: Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization and Meta-Analysis.

Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to "Aggregation-induced luminescence probe based lateral flow immunoassay for the simultaneous quantitative detection of IL-6/PCT" [J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 273 (2026) 117393].

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis·2026
Same author

Gender Difference in Satisfaction with Nursing Home Services Among Disabled Elderly Inpatients Across Disease Categories: A Multi-Center Study.

Patient preference and adherence·2026
Same author

Clinical efficacy and safety of interventional embolization combined with early rehabilitation in the management of post-traumatic shoulder periarthritis.

BMC surgery·2026
Same author

Heparanase-Loaded CAR T Extracellular Vesicles Remodel the Colorectal Tumour Microenvironment and Boost T Cell Antitumor Immunity.

Journal of extracellular vesicles·2026
Same journal

Analysis of human visual experience data.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Pyramid-based Bayesian modeling for high-resolution behavioral analysis.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Sensation without perception: The white whale effect and perceptual blindness in autonomous vehicles.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Gaze behavior during closed-captioned movie viewing adapts to absent audio through more frequent switching between text and scene.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

In pursuit of saccade awareness: Limited volitional control and minimal conscious access to catch-up saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Dissociable effects of element-lifetime and stimulus-duration on local and global motion processing: An equivalent noise study.

Journal of vision·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Stereoacuity Improvement using Random-Dot Video Games
06:25

Stereoacuity Improvement using Random-Dot Video Games

Published on: January 14, 2020

15.2K

Perceptual learning eases crowding by reducing recognition errors but not position errors.

Ying-Zi Xiong, Cong Yu, Jun-Yun Zhang

    Journal of Vision
    |August 29, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Perceptual learning improves target recognition in the visual periphery but does not reduce specific crowding errors, suggesting flanker substitution is a byproduct, not a cause, of crowding.

    More Related Videos

    Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles
    08:44

    Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

    Published on: January 3, 2017

    8.1K
    Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
    08:53

    Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

    Published on: November 14, 2018

    10.4K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Apr 4, 2026

    Stereoacuity Improvement using Random-Dot Video Games
    06:25

    Stereoacuity Improvement using Random-Dot Video Games

    Published on: January 14, 2020

    15.2K
    Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles
    08:44

    Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

    Published on: January 3, 2017

    8.1K
    Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
    08:53

    Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

    Published on: November 14, 2018

    10.4K

    Area of Science:

    • Visual perception
    • Cognitive psychology
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • The crowding effect in visual periphery involves errors in letter recognition.
    • These errors can stem from recognition failures, target misplacement, or flanker substitutions.
    • Perceptual learning can reduce crowding, but its precise mechanisms remain unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how perceptual learning reduces crowding.
    • To determine the impact of training on different types of crowding errors.
    • To examine the relationship between target recognition and flanker substitution errors.

    Main Methods:

    • Observers trained using partial-report or whole-report tasks in the visual periphery.
    • Assessed training effects on recognition of flanked and unflanked targets.
    • Analyzed specific error types: recognition, target misplacement, and flanker substitution.

    Main Results:

    • Training significantly improved target recognition in crowded displays.
    • Single-letter recognition (unflanked targets) did not improve with training.
    • Training did not reduce target misplacement or flanker substitution errors.

    Conclusions:

    • Perceptual learning enhances target recognition under crowding conditions.
    • The lack of reduction in flanker substitution errors suggests they are a consequence, not a cause, of crowding.
    • Findings challenge mechanisms of crowding that predict reduced positional errors after training.