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Related Concept Videos

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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X and Y Chromosomes02:32

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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
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Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
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Sex-linked Disorders

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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Gender and Programming.

Courtney A Crittenden1, Barbara A Koons-Witt2

  • 11 University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, USA.

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
|August 31, 2015
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Summary

This study analyzed U.S. prison programming, finding that female correctional facilities offer more programs and women participate more than men. This research highlights gender disparities in correctional programming availability and engagement.

Keywords:
correctionsprison programmingwomen in prison

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Area of Science:

  • Criminology
  • Sociology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The U.S. correctional field has seen significant shifts in population, policy, and funding over recent decades.
  • Previous large-scale examinations of programming changes in response to these shifts are limited.
  • Understanding gender's role in programming access is crucial for equitable correctional practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine national-level data on the availability and participation in U.S. prison programming, focusing on gender differences.
  • To identify how recent changes in the corrections field may have impacted programming.
  • To compare programming offerings and participation rates between male and female correctional facilities.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of national-level data on prison programming.
  • Comparison of programming availability and participation across genders.
  • Examination of various programming areas, including mental health services.

Main Results:

  • Female correctional facilities were more likely to offer a wider range of programs compared to male facilities.
  • Women demonstrated higher participation rates in many programming options than men.
  • Specific program types, such as mental health services, showed significant gender-based differences in availability and uptake.

Conclusions:

  • Gender significantly influences the availability of and participation in correctional programming.
  • Findings suggest potential inequities in program access for incarcerated men and women.
  • Further research is needed to explore the reasons behind these disparities and inform policy.