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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Hemodynamic Precision in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit using Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography
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Normal Reference Ranges for Cardiac Valve Annulus in Preterm Infants.

Lulu Abushaban1,2, Mariappa Thinakar Vel3, Jebaraj Rathinasamy3

  • 1Chest Diseases Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait. lulu@hsc.edu.kw.

Pediatric Cardiology
|September 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac valve annulus size in preterm infants significantly correlates with body weight and gestational age. This study establishes normal reference ranges for these measurements in premature neonates.

Keywords:
Body weightCardiac valve annulusChronological ageGestational agePreterm infants babiesReference ranges

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Neonatal Physiology
  • Echocardiography

Background:

  • Cardiac valve annulus size is crucial for assessing heart function in neonates.
  • Establishing normal reference ranges in preterm infants is essential for early detection of abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine normal reference ranges for cardiac valve annulus dimensions in preterm infants.
  • To investigate the correlation between cardiac valve annulus size and gestational age, body weight, and chronological age.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 268 preterm infants in Kuwait (2008-2010).
  • Echocardiograms were performed to measure aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid valve annulus sizes.
  • Measurements were taken from birth up to 36 weeks corrected gestational age, with data analyzed by gestational age groups and body weight categories.

Main Results:

  • All cardiac valve measurements showed strong correlation with body weight and gestational age at birth (0-6 days).
  • In subsequent weeks, valve diameters correlated well with body weight, and gestational age correlated significantly with aortic and mitral valves.
  • A progressive and significant increase in all valve annulus measurements was observed with increasing body weight and throughout the first nine weeks of life.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac valve annulus dimensions in preterm infants are significantly influenced by body weight.
  • Gestational age is a significant factor for cardiac valve measurements, particularly up to two weeks of life.
  • The study provides valuable reference data for normal cardiac valve diameters in preterm infants, aiding clinical assessment.