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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Propylthiouracil-induced autoimmune disease.

Santosh Paiaulla1, Pradeep Marur Venkategowda1, S Manimala Rao1

  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yashoda Multi-Speciality Hospital, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine
|September 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Propylthiouracil (PTU), a hyperthyroidism treatment, can induce autoimmune disease. Early detection and immunosuppressant treatment are crucial for managing this serious side effect in patients with hyperthyroidism.

Keywords:
Drug-induced lupushemoptysishyperthyroidismpropylthiouracilvasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hyperthyroidism, characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production, is often managed with Propylthiouracil (PTU).
  • PTU is a widely used first-line medication for managing hyperthyroidism.
  • Long-term use of PTU necessitates monitoring for potential adverse effects.

Observation:

  • A 24-year-old female with a 4-year history of hyperthyroidism presented with fever, myalgia, and hemoptysis.
  • The patient was on daily PTU (100 mg) for her hyperthyroidism.
  • She developed type-II respiratory failure requiring intubation.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with Propylthiouracil-induced autoimmune disease.
  • Discontinuation of PTU and initiation of immunosuppressive therapy (methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide) led to clinical improvement.
  • Recovery was observed over an 8-day period, with successful discharge.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of suspecting PTU-induced autoimmune disease in hyperthyroidism patients on long-term therapy.
  • Timely withdrawal of PTU and prompt immunosuppressive treatment can significantly improve patient outcomes.
  • Awareness of this adverse effect is critical for reducing morbidity and mortality in hyperthyroidism management.