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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells
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Translational control by lysine-encoding A-rich sequences.

Laura Arthur1, Slavica Pavlovic-Djuranovic1, Kristin Smith-Koutmou2

  • 1Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. 600 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8228, St. Louis, MO 63110.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poly(A) tracks regulate gene expression by stalling translation, altering protein output and mRNA stability. This mechanism, affecting ~2% of human genes, can produce alternative protein products and influence disease states.

Keywords:
Lysinegene regulationmRNA stabilityribosome stallingsynonymous mutations

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Gene expression regulation is crucial for cellular function.
  • Existing mechanisms control RNA and protein abundance.
  • Poly(A) tracks represent a newly described regulatory element.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel gene regulatory mechanism involving poly(A) tracks.
  • To determine the impact of poly(A) track length on gene expression.
  • To explore the role of this mechanism in protein production and mRNA stability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized reporter constructs to study poly(A) track effects.
  • Analyzed recombinant gene sequences for regulatory impacts.
  • Quantified changes in protein output and mRNA stability.

Main Results:

  • Altered poly(A) track lengths modified protein output and mRNA stability without changing amino acid sequences.
  • Observed production of alternative, frame-shifted protein products.
  • Identified poly(A) track regulation in approximately 2% of human genes, particularly those encoding nucleic acid-binding proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Poly(A) tracks represent a fundamental, yet uncharacterized, gene regulatory mechanism.
  • This mechanism may fine-tune the expression of a large network of genes.
  • Synonymous mutations within poly(A) tracks could influence gene expression in pathological conditions.