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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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AGM2015: Antineutrino Global Map 2015.

S M Usman1, G R Jocher2, S T Dye3,4

  • 1Exploratory Science and Technology Branch, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA.

Scientific Reports
|September 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Earth radiates over 10^25 antineutrinos per second. The Antineutrino Global Map 2015 reveals most originate from geological radioactivity, not nuclear reactors, advancing geoscience and physics experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Particle Physics
  • Nuclear Science

Background:

  • Earth continuously emits over 10^25 antineutrinos per second.
  • Antineutrino detectors probe nuclear reactors, Earth's radioactivity, and fundamental physics.
  • Understanding antineutrino flux aids geoscience and evaluates planetary composition models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the Antineutrino Global Map 2015 (AGM2015), an Earth surface antineutrino flux model.
  • To assess systematic errors and provide predictions for experiments.
  • To determine Earth's total antineutrino luminosity and evaluate compositional models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cosmochemically and seismologically informed models of Earth's lithosphere/mantle.
  • Integrated antineutrino flux measurements from KamLAND and Borexino.
  • Developed an experimentally informed model of the antineutrino flux and energy spectrum (0-11 MeV).

Main Results:

  • The dominant antineutrino flux originates from geo-neutrinos.
  • Crust and mantle contributions to the flux are predicted to be sub-equal.
  • ~1% of the total antineutrino flux is attributed to man-made nuclear reactors.

Conclusions:

  • AGM2015 provides crucial predictions for neutrino physics experiments.
  • The map aids in strategic detector placement for determining neutrino mass hierarchy.
  • The model assists in identifying undeclared nuclear reactors and understanding Earth's radiogenic power.