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Related Concept Videos

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Peritoneum

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The peritoneum is a vital membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the organs within it. It plays a crucial role in protecting the organs, providing a smooth surface for their movement, and facilitating various physiological processes. Understanding the anatomy and function of the peritoneum is essential for comprehending the complexities of the abdominal region.
Anatomy of the Peritoneum
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

An In Vivo Murine Sciatic Nerve Model of Perineural Invasion
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The almost-invisible perineurioma.

Carlos E Restrepo1, Kimberly K Amrami2, Benjamin M Howe2

  • 1Departments of 1 Neurologic Surgery.

Neurosurgical Focus
|September 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intraneural perineurioma, a rare nerve tumor, is often underdiagnosed. High-resolution MRI with gadolinium contrast is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of this condition.

Keywords:
3 TeslaCIDP = chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathyCMT = Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseaseEMA = endothelial membrane antigenEPS = electrophysiological studiesGBS = Guillain-Barré syndromePNST = peripheral nerve sheath tumorSPGR = spoiled gradientintraneural perineuriomamagnetic resonance imagingtargeted biopsy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Intraneural perineurioma is a rare, benign tumor originating from perineurial cells, typically affecting peripheral nerves.
  • It commonly presents as a motor mononeuropathy in children and young adults.
  • Underdiagnosis is frequent due to unfamiliarity and limitations of conventional MRI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present diagnostic and management strategies for intraneural perineurioma based on extensive experience.
  • To highlight common pitfalls and offer pearls for improved diagnosis.
  • To emphasize the importance of advanced imaging techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed neurological examination and high-quality electrophysiological studies (EPS) for lesion localization.
  • High-resolution 3-Tesla (3-T) MRI with gadolinium contrast administration.
  • Assessment of potential errors in EPS, imaging area, MRI resolution, and slice thickness.

Main Results:

  • Intraneural perineurioma typically appears as a fusiform nerve enlargement with intense gadolinium enhancement on MRI.
  • High-resolution MRI with contrast aids in visualizing nerve anatomy and differentiating from other neuropathies.
  • Careful evaluation of diagnostic steps is essential when clinical suspicion is high but the lesion is not recognized.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical suspicion, precise localization via EPS, and advanced MRI are key for diagnosing intraneural perineurioma.
  • High-resolution MRI with gadolinium contrast is superior to conventional MRI for visualizing intraneural lesions.
  • Addressing diagnostic pitfalls can improve the recognition and management of this rare nerve tumor.