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Related Concept Videos

Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

21.0K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx
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Understanding Phase-Change Memory Alloys from a Chemical Perspective.

A V Kolobov1, P Fons1, J Tominaga1

  • 1Nanoelectronics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan.

Scientific Reports
|September 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phase-change memories utilize ultra-fast switching in GeTe alloys. This study reveals transient three-center bonds, enabled by lone-pair electrons, are key to this behavior, offering insights for efficient PCM materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Phase-change memories (PCM) exhibit rapid, low-energy switching between crystalline and amorphous states.
  • The stability of these phases at room temperature is linked to the high fragility of the glass-forming liquid phase.
  • The atomistic dynamics and bonding changes during PCM switching remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the atomistic mechanisms governing phase-change processes in GeTe-based alloys.
  • To identify the role of bonding in the reversible switching behavior of PCM.
  • To explore similarities between chalcogenide glasses and phase-change alloys.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical investigation of atomistic dynamics.
  • Analysis of bonding nature during phase transitions.
  • Comparison with photoinduced structural changes in chalcogenide glasses.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the formation of transient three-center bonds in the excited state.
  • Identified lone-pair electrons as crucial for enabling these transient bonds.
  • Revealed fundamental similarities between PCM and photoinduced structural changes.

Conclusions:

  • Transient three-center bonds are central to the phase-change mechanism in PCM.
  • Lone-pair electrons play a critical role in facilitating these bonds.
  • Findings provide new perspectives for designing advanced PCM materials.