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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

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In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Simulating Impacts of Ice Storms on Forest Ecosystems
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Fog and rain in the Amazon.

Usama Anber1, Pierre Gentine2, Shuguang Wang3

  • 1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027; pg2328@columbia.edu uanber@ldeo.columbia.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amazonian water cycle simulations improve with cloud-resolving models. These models accurately represent morning fog, improving evapotranspiration and rainfall timing by considering cloud albedo feedback.

Keywords:
Amazoncloud-resolving modelsfoghydrologic cycleland−atmosphere interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Climate science
  • Hydrology
  • Atmospheric physics

Background:

  • General circulation models (GCMs) struggle to accurately simulate Amazonian diurnal and seasonal water cycles.
  • Existing models exhibit biases in peak evapotranspiration timing and rainfall onset.
  • These inaccuracies impact climate predictions for tropical continental regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the reasons for biases in GCM simulations of Amazonian water cycles.
  • To evaluate the performance of cloud-resolving simulations in capturing diurnal and seasonal patterns.
  • To investigate the role of the morning fog layer and convection in modulating climate dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cloud-resolving simulations with parameterized large-scale circulation.
  • Analyzed the representation of the morning fog layer and its seasonal variation (wet vs. dry season).
  • Investigated the coupling between convection, large-scale circulation, and the surface energy budget.

Main Results:

  • Cloud-resolving simulations eliminated biases present in GCMs regarding evapotranspiration and rainfall timing.
  • Accurate representation of the morning fog layer was identified as a key factor.
  • Morning fog significantly increases cloud albedo, modulating surface energy budget and reducing evapotranspiration.

Conclusions:

  • The coupling between energy and hydrological cycles is crucial for accurate climate modeling.
  • Cloud albedo feedback, influenced by phenomena like morning fog, plays a key role in tropical continental climates.
  • Cloud-resolving simulations offer a more accurate approach to modeling complex tropical water cycles.