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Amalgam margin breakdown caused by creep fatigue rupture.

P T Williams1, J R Cahoon

  • 1Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Journal of Dental Research
|July 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Mechanical cyclic stressing from mastication causes margin breakdown in dental amalgam restorations. High-copper alloys like Phasealloy and Tytin showed significant fracturing due to creep fatigue rupture.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Dental amalgam restorations are susceptible to breakdown under functional loads.
  • Mastication generates cyclic mechanical stresses that may compromise restoration integrity.
  • Understanding alloy behavior under stress is crucial for improving dental restorative materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of cyclic mechanical stressing, simulating mastication, on dental amalgam margin breakdown.
  • To compare the susceptibility of low-copper and high-copper dental amalgams to fatigue-induced failure.
  • To identify the fracture mechanisms responsible for margin breakdown in different amalgam alloys.

Main Methods:

  • Amalgam restorations made from low-copper (NTD) and high-copper (Dispersalloy, Phasealloy, Tytin) alloys were prepared in aluminum beams.
  • Specimens underwent cyclical three-point loading (1.7 Hz) at varying stress levels (1-8 MPa) and temperatures (37°C).
  • Margin areas were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) before and after loading to assess gap formation, wrinkling, and fracturing.

Main Results:

  • All tested amalgam brands exhibited margin gap formation and surface wrinkling after cyclic loading.
  • Low-copper NTD and Dispersalloy showed minimal void formation and fracturing even after 21,000 cycles.
  • Phasealloy and Tytin demonstrated extensive fracturing after only 4,200 cycles, with creep fatigue rupture identified as the primary failure mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclic mechanical stressing during mastication contributes significantly to the margin breakdown of dental amalgam restorations.
  • High-copper amalgams, specifically Phasealloy and Tytin, are more prone to fracture under cyclic loading compared to low-copper alloys.
  • Creep fatigue rupture is a critical failure mode for certain dental amalgams under simulated masticatory forces, highlighting the need for improved material design.

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