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Translational Regulation01:29

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Cis-regulatory RNA elements that regulate specialized ribosome activity.

Shifeng Xue1,2, Maria Barna1,2

  • 1a Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University ; Stanford , CA USA.

RNA Biology
|September 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosomes regulate gene expression using unique RNA elements. A Translation Inhibitory Element (TIE) and Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) control mRNA translation, impacting protein expression.

Keywords:
5′UTRIRESRNA elementspecialized ribosometranslationtranslational inhibitory element

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • The ribosome's regulatory role in specialized mRNA translation, particularly involving ribosomal proteins (RP), is increasingly recognized.
  • Mechanisms underlying ribosome-mediated mRNA selection remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which ribosomes selectively control mRNA translation.
  • To identify novel RNA elements involved in ribosome-mediated gene expression control.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of unique RNA elements within the 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs) of specific mRNAs.
  • Investigating the interplay between Translation Inhibitory Elements (TIEs) and Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESs).
  • Assessing the role of specific ribosomal proteins (RP) in IRES activation.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a novel combination of RNA elements in mRNA 5'UTRs.
  • Identification of a Translation Inhibitory Element (TIE) that suppresses general cap-dependent translation.
  • Identification of an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) dependent on specific ribosomal proteins (RP) for activation.

Conclusions:

  • The combined TIE and IRES elements enable ribosome-mediated control of gene expression.
  • These regulatory elements offer a new layer of control over protein expression.
  • Findings have implications for gene expression, organismal development, and evolution.