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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

52.6K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Equilibrium and Balance01:15

Equilibrium and Balance

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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Nonlinear cochlear mechanics.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2016
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

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Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol
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Linear cochlear mechanics.

George Zweig1

  • 1Research Laboratory of Electronics, 26-169, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|September 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

A new 3D cochlear model simplifies mechanics by treating time delays as instantaneous, improving understanding of sound processing and outer hair cell function.

Area of Science:

  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Bioacoustics
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • Existing cochlear models often use simplified one-dimensional, long-wavelength approximations.
  • These models incorporate time-delay forces, which complicate analysis.
  • Understanding the role of outer hair cells in cochlear amplification is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an active, three-dimensional, short-wavelength model of cochlear mechanics.
  • To investigate the relationship between long-wavelength and short-wavelength cochlear models.
  • To identify key parameters governing cochlear function.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of a short-wavelength model from a long-wavelength model with time-delay forces.
  • Modeling cochlear oscillators driven by pressure and its time derivative.

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Last Updated: Apr 4, 2026

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  • Utilizing admittance in the short-wavelength region to derive a transfer function.

    • Main Results:

    • The long-wavelength model with nonlocal temporal interactions effectively behaves as a short-wavelength model with instantaneous interactions.
    • A two-parameter model was developed, with parameters related to admittance pole position and low-frequency phase slope.
    • The model predicts a dip in amplitude and a rapid phase drop past the traveling wave peak.

    Conclusions:

    • The new model provides a more accurate and computationally tractable representation of cochlear mechanics.
    • The findings offer insights into the mechanical basis of hearing and the function of outer hair cells.
    • Model comparison can be achieved through wavelength analysis and admittance singularity structure.