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Related Concept Videos

Variability: Analysis01:11

Variability: Analysis

668
Measures of variability are statistical metrics that reveal the dispersion pattern within a dataset. They are pivotal in biostatistics, providing insights into the heterogeneity within health and biological data. Variability signifies the degree to which data points diverge from one another, helping researchers understand the potential range of values and associated uncertainty within the data.
The range is a simple measure of variability, indicating the difference between the highest and...
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What is Variation?01:14

What is Variation?

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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
The range, standard deviation, standard error, and variance are the different measures of variation.
Range: The range is the difference between its maximum and...
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Variation01:19

Variation

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An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
When independent and dependent variables are plotted on a scatter plot, the slope of a line is a value that describes the rate of change between the two...
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Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

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Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
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Variance01:15

Variance

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The deviations show how spread out the data are about the mean. A positive deviation occurs when the data value exceeds the mean, whereas a negative deviation occurs when the data value is less than the mean. If the deviations are added, the sum is always zero. So one cannot simply add the deviations to get the data spread. By squaring the deviations, the numbers are made positive; thus, their sum will also be positive.
The standard deviation measures the spread in the same units as the data....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
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Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody

Published on: September 27, 2024

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Variability in Vowel Production within and between Days.

Shannon L M Heald1, Howard C Nusbaum1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.

Plos One
|September 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Speech sound production shows daily changes in acoustic properties like F1 and F0, but remains highly reliable across days. This study explores acoustic-phonetic variability in vowel production over time.

Area of Science:

  • Phonetics
  • Speech Science
  • Acoustic Phonetics

Background:

  • Acoustic variability in speech is often considered a challenge for phonetic recognition systems.
  • Limited research exists on the temporal dynamics of acoustic-phonetic variability in natural speech production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate systematic changes in acoustic-phonetic variability of citation-form vowels within a single day and across multiple days.
  • To examine the reliability of vowel production over time in the absence of external feedback.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded productions of seven vowels (/EE/, /IH/, /AH/, /UH/, /AE/, /OO/, /EH/) at three time points (9 AM, 3 PM, 9 PM) daily for three days, spaced every other day over five days.
  • Analyzed acoustic parameters including F0, F1, F2, and F3 to quantify variability.

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Last Updated: Apr 4, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Significant systematic changes in first formant (F1) and fundamental frequency (F0) were observed within each day for all seven vowels.
  • Second (F2) and third (F3) formants remained stable throughout the day.
  • No significant changes in F0, F1, F2, and F3 were detected between different testing days, indicating high inter-day reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Speakers exhibit remarkable consistency in producing citation-form vowels across days, despite daily variations in speaking and listening experiences.
  • Internal precision in speech production is maintained through self-monitoring, even with exposure to diverse acoustic speech tokens.