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Related Concept Videos

Parental Care00:55

Parental Care

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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Nursing Interventions I: Taxonomy of Nursing Interventions01:03

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Nursing interventions are chosen as part of the planning process to achieve patient outcomes. Once nursing diagnoses are determined, the goals and outcomes are specified, then the nursing interventions are selected and individualized according to the patient's situation.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Encouraging breastfeeding: financial incentives.

Heather Whitford, Barbara Whelan, Patrice van Cleemput

    The Practising Midwife
    |September 4, 2015
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    Summary

    Financial incentives like shopping vouchers may improve breastfeeding rates. The Nourishing Start for Health study found women and providers preferred vouchers over cash and a simple signed statement for proof.

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    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Maternal and Child Health
    • Health Services Research

    Background:

    • Low breastfeeding initiation and duration rates in certain areas necessitate innovative interventions.
    • The Nourishing Start for Health (NOSH) study investigates financial incentives to improve breastfeeding.
    • Phase one focused on understanding stakeholder perspectives on incentive scheme design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore practical aspects and stakeholder views on a financial incentive scheme for breastfeeding.
    • To inform the design of the NOSH study's feasibility phase based on participant feedback.

    Main Methods:

    • Qualitative study involving interviews and focus groups.
    • Participants included 38 women and 53 healthcare providers.
    • Explored preferences for incentive type, amount, and proof of breastfeeding.

    Main Results:

    • Both women and healthcare providers favored shopping vouchers over cash payments.
    • A total incentive amount of £200-£250 was considered reasonable.
    • A signed statement confirmed by a healthcare professional was the preferred method for verifying breastfeeding.

    Conclusions:

    • Stakeholder preferences suggest shopping vouchers are a viable incentive for breastfeeding support.
    • Concerns exist regarding the potential negative impact of stringent proof requirements on women and provider relationships.
    • The findings directly informed the practical design of the NOSH study's incentive scheme.