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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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The Hardest Superconducting Metal Nitride.

Shanmin Wang1,2,3, Daniel Antonio1, Xiaohui Yu3

  • 1HiPSEC &Physics Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.

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|September 4, 2015
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Researchers synthesized hexagonal δ-MoN, the hardest metal nitride known, exhibiting ~30 GPa hardness. This discovery offers potential for advanced electronic applications under demanding conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Superconductivity

Background:

  • Transition-metal (TM) nitrides are versatile compounds with applications in electronics.
  • Existing TM nitrides often have a rock-salt structure, limiting their hardness and shear strain resistance.
  • Hard superconducting nitrides are crucial for electronic applications under stress and high temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel transition-metal nitride phases with enhanced mechanical properties.
  • To investigate the structural and mechanical characteristics of hexagonal δ-MoN and cubic γ-MoN.
  • To explore the potential of these nitrides for applications requiring high hardness and superconductivity.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure synthesis utilizing an ion-exchange reaction at 3.5 GPa.
  • Characterization of bulk products with crystallite sizes of 50-80 μm.
  • Indentation testing on single crystals to determine hardness; measurement of superconducting transition temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of hexagonal δ-MoN and cubic γ-MoN in bulk form.
  • Hexagonal δ-MoN demonstrated exceptional hardness of ~30 GPa, 30% harder than cubic γ-MoN (~23 GPa).
  • δ-MoN is identified as the hardest known metal nitride, attributed to its extended covalently bonded Mo-N network.
  • Superconducting transition temperatures were measured at 13.8 K for δ-MoN and 5.5 K for γ-MoN.

Conclusions:

  • Hexagonal δ-MoN represents a breakthrough in nitride hardness, surpassing existing materials.
  • The enhanced hardness of δ-MoN is linked to its unique crystal structure and bonding.
  • These findings pave the way for developing advanced materials for demanding electronic applications.